.. _esp8266_quickref: Quick reference for the ESP8266 =============================== .. image:: img/adafruit_products_pinoutstop.jpg :alt: Adafruit Feather HUZZAH board :width: 640px The Adafruit Feather HUZZAH board (image attribution: Adafruit). Below is a quick reference for ESP8266-based boards. If it is your first time working with this board please consider reading the following sections first: .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1 general.rst tutorial/index.rst Installing MicroPython ---------------------- See the corresponding section of tutorial: :ref:`intro`. It also includes a troubleshooting subsection. General board control --------------------- The MicroPython REPL is on UART0 (GPIO1=TX, GPIO3=RX) at baudrate 115200. Tab-completion is useful to find out what methods an object has. Paste mode (ctrl-E) is useful to paste a large slab of Python code into the REPL. The :mod:`machine` module:: import machine machine.freq() # get the current frequency of the CPU machine.freq(160000000) # set the CPU frequency to 160 MHz The :mod:`esp` module:: import esp esp.osdebug(None) # turn off vendor O/S debugging messages esp.osdebug(0) # redirect vendor O/S debugging messages to UART(0) Networking ---------- The :mod:`network` module:: import network wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) # create station interface wlan.active(True) # activate the interface wlan.scan() # scan for access points wlan.isconnected() # check if the station is connected to an AP wlan.connect('essid', 'password') # connect to an AP wlan.config('mac') # get the interface's MAC adddress wlan.ifconfig() # get the interface's IP/netmask/gw/DNS addresses ap = network.WLAN(network.AP_IF) # create access-point interface ap.active(True) # activate the interface ap.config(essid='ESP-AP') # set the ESSID of the access point A useful function for connecting to your local WiFi network is:: def do_connect(): import network wlan = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF) wlan.active(True) if not wlan.isconnected(): print('connecting to network...') wlan.connect('essid', 'password') while not wlan.isconnected(): pass print('network config:', wlan.ifconfig()) Once the network is established the :mod:`socket ` module can be used to create and use TCP/UDP sockets as usual. Delay and timing ---------------- Use the :mod:`time ` module:: import time time.sleep(1) # sleep for 1 second time.sleep_ms(500) # sleep for 500 milliseconds time.sleep_us(10) # sleep for 10 microseconds start = time.ticks_ms() # get millisecond counter delta = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_ms(), start) # compute time difference Timers ------ Virtual (RTOS-based) timers are supported. Use the :ref:`machine.Timer ` class with timer ID of -1:: from machine import Timer tim = Timer(-1) tim.init(period=5000, mode=Timer.ONE_SHOT, callback=lambda t:print(1)) tim.init(period=2000, mode=Timer.PERIODIC, callback=lambda t:print(2)) The period is in milliseconds. Pins and GPIO ------------- Use the :ref:`machine.Pin ` class:: from machine import Pin p0 = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # create output pin on GPIO0 p0.on() # set pin to "on" (high) level p0.off() # set pin to "off" (low) level p0.value(1) # set pin to on/high p2 = Pin(2, Pin.IN) # create input pin on GPIO2 print(p2.value()) # get value, 0 or 1 p4 = Pin(4, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP) # enable internal pull-up resistor p5 = Pin(5, Pin.OUT, value=1) # set pin high on creation Available pins are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, which correspond to the actual GPIO pin numbers of ESP8266 chip. Note that many end-user boards use their own adhoc pin numbering (marked e.g. D0, D1, ...). As MicroPython supports different boards and modules, physical pin numbering was chosen as the lowest common denominator. For mapping between board logical pins and physical chip pins, consult your board documentation. Note that Pin(1) and Pin(3) are REPL UART TX and RX respectively. Also note that Pin(16) is a special pin (used for wakeup from deepsleep mode) and may be not available for use with higher-level classes like ``Neopixel``. UART (serial bus) ----------------- See :ref:`machine.UART `. :: from machine import UART uart = UART(0, baudrate=9600) uart.write('hello') uart.read(5) # read up to 5 bytes Two UARTs are available. UART0 is on Pins 1 (TX) and 3 (RX). UART0 is bidirectional, and by default is used for the REPL. UART1 is on Pins 2 (TX) and 8 (RX) however Pin 8 is used to connect the flash chip, so UART1 is TX only. When UART0 is attached to the REPL, all incoming chars on UART(0) go straight to stdin so uart.read() will always return None. Use sys.stdin.read() if it's needed to read characters from the UART(0) while it's also used for the REPL (or detach, read, then reattach). When detached the UART(0) can be used for other purposes. If there are no objects in any of the dupterm slots when the REPL is started (on hard or soft reset) then UART(0) is automatically attached. Without this, the only way to recover a board without a REPL would be to completely erase and reflash (which would install the default boot.py which attaches the REPL). To detach the REPL from UART0, use:: import uos uos.dupterm(None, 1) The REPL is attached by default. If you have detached it, to reattach it use:: import uos, machine uart = machine.UART(0, 115200) uos.dupterm(uart, 1) PWM (pulse width modulation) ---------------------------- PWM can be enabled on all pins except Pin(16). There is a single frequency for all channels, with range between 1 and 1000 (measured in Hz). The duty cycle is between 0 and 1023 inclusive. Use the ``machine.PWM`` class:: from machine import Pin, PWM pwm0 = PWM(Pin(0)) # create PWM object from a pin pwm0.freq() # get current frequency pwm0.freq(1000) # set frequency pwm0.duty() # get current duty cycle pwm0.duty(200) # set duty cycle pwm0.deinit() # turn off PWM on the pin pwm2 = PWM(Pin(2), freq=500, duty=512) # create and configure in one go ADC (analog to digital conversion) ---------------------------------- ADC is available on a dedicated pin. Note that input voltages on the ADC pin must be between 0v and 1.0v. Use the :ref:`machine.ADC ` class:: from machine import ADC adc = ADC(0) # create ADC object on ADC pin adc.read() # read value, 0-1024 Software SPI bus ---------------- There are two SPI drivers. One is implemented in software (bit-banging) and works on all pins, and is accessed via the :ref:`machine.SoftSPI ` class:: from machine import Pin, SoftSPI # construct an SPI bus on the given pins # polarity is the idle state of SCK # phase=0 means sample on the first edge of SCK, phase=1 means the second spi = SoftSPI(baudrate=100000, polarity=1, phase=0, sck=Pin(0), mosi=Pin(2), miso=Pin(4)) spi.init(baudrate=200000) # set the baudrate spi.read(10) # read 10 bytes on MISO spi.read(10, 0xff) # read 10 bytes while outputting 0xff on MOSI buf = bytearray(50) # create a buffer spi.readinto(buf) # read into the given buffer (reads 50 bytes in this case) spi.readinto(buf, 0xff) # read into the given buffer and output 0xff on MOSI spi.write(b'12345') # write 5 bytes on MOSI buf = bytearray(4) # create a buffer spi.write_readinto(b'1234', buf) # write to MOSI and read from MISO into the buffer spi.write_readinto(buf, buf) # write buf to MOSI and read MISO back into buf Hardware SPI bus ---------------- The hardware SPI is faster (up to 80Mhz), but only works on following pins: ``MISO`` is GPIO12, ``MOSI`` is GPIO13, and ``SCK`` is GPIO14. It has the same methods as the bitbanging SPI class above, except for the pin parameters for the constructor and init (as those are fixed):: from machine import Pin, SPI hspi = SPI(1, baudrate=80000000, polarity=0, phase=0) (``SPI(0)`` is used for FlashROM and not available to users.) I2C bus ------- The I2C driver is implemented in software and works on all pins, and is accessed via the :ref:`machine.I2C ` class (which is an alias of :ref:`machine.SoftI2C `):: from machine import Pin, I2C # construct an I2C bus i2c = I2C(scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4), freq=100000) i2c.readfrom(0x3a, 4) # read 4 bytes from slave device with address 0x3a i2c.writeto(0x3a, '12') # write '12' to slave device with address 0x3a buf = bytearray(10) # create a buffer with 10 bytes i2c.writeto(0x3a, buf) # write the given buffer to the slave Real time clock (RTC) --------------------- See :ref:`machine.RTC ` :: from machine import RTC rtc = RTC() rtc.datetime((2017, 8, 23, 1, 12, 48, 0, 0)) # set a specific date and time rtc.datetime() # get date and time # synchronize with ntp # need to be connected to wifi import ntptime ntptime.settime() # set the rtc datetime from the remote server rtc.datetime() # get the date and time in UTC .. note:: Not all methods are implemented: `RTC.now()`, `RTC.irq(handler=*) ` (using a custom handler), `RTC.init()` and `RTC.deinit()` are currently not supported. Deep-sleep mode --------------- Connect GPIO16 to the reset pin (RST on HUZZAH). Then the following code can be used to sleep, wake and check the reset cause:: import machine # configure RTC.ALARM0 to be able to wake the device rtc = machine.RTC() rtc.irq(trigger=rtc.ALARM0, wake=machine.DEEPSLEEP) # check if the device woke from a deep sleep if machine.reset_cause() == machine.DEEPSLEEP_RESET: print('woke from a deep sleep') # set RTC.ALARM0 to fire after 10 seconds (waking the device) rtc.alarm(rtc.ALARM0, 10000) # put the device to sleep machine.deepsleep() OneWire driver -------------- The OneWire driver is implemented in software and works on all pins:: from machine import Pin import onewire ow = onewire.OneWire(Pin(12)) # create a OneWire bus on GPIO12 ow.scan() # return a list of devices on the bus ow.reset() # reset the bus ow.readbyte() # read a byte ow.writebyte(0x12) # write a byte on the bus ow.write('123') # write bytes on the bus ow.select_rom(b'12345678') # select a specific device by its ROM code There is a specific driver for DS18S20 and DS18B20 devices:: import time, ds18x20 ds = ds18x20.DS18X20(ow) roms = ds.scan() ds.convert_temp() time.sleep_ms(750) for rom in roms: print(ds.read_temp(rom)) Be sure to put a 4.7k pull-up resistor on the data line. Note that the ``convert_temp()`` method must be called each time you want to sample the temperature. NeoPixel driver --------------- Use the ``neopixel`` module:: from machine import Pin from neopixel import NeoPixel pin = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # set GPIO0 to output to drive NeoPixels np = NeoPixel(pin, 8) # create NeoPixel driver on GPIO0 for 8 pixels np[0] = (255, 255, 255) # set the first pixel to white np.write() # write data to all pixels r, g, b = np[0] # get first pixel colour For low-level driving of a NeoPixel:: import esp esp.neopixel_write(pin, grb_buf, is800khz) .. Warning:: By default ``NeoPixel`` is configured to control the more popular *800kHz* units. It is possible to use alternative timing to control other (typically 400kHz) devices by passing ``timing=0`` when constructing the ``NeoPixel`` object. APA102 driver ------------- Use the ``apa102`` module:: from machine import Pin from apa102 import APA102 clock = Pin(14, Pin.OUT) # set GPIO14 to output to drive the clock data = Pin(13, Pin.OUT) # set GPIO13 to output to drive the data apa = APA102(clock, data, 8) # create APA102 driver on the clock and the data pin for 8 pixels apa[0] = (255, 255, 255, 31) # set the first pixel to white with a maximum brightness of 31 apa.write() # write data to all pixels r, g, b, brightness = apa[0] # get first pixel colour For low-level driving of an APA102:: import esp esp.apa102_write(clock_pin, data_pin, rgbi_buf) DHT driver ---------- The DHT driver is implemented in software and works on all pins:: import dht import machine d = dht.DHT11(machine.Pin(4)) d.measure() d.temperature() # eg. 23 (°C) d.humidity() # eg. 41 (% RH) d = dht.DHT22(machine.Pin(4)) d.measure() d.temperature() # eg. 23.6 (°C) d.humidity() # eg. 41.3 (% RH) WebREPL (web browser interactive prompt) ---------------------------------------- WebREPL (REPL over WebSockets, accessible via a web browser) is an experimental feature available in ESP8266 port. Download web client from https://github.com/micropython/webrepl (hosted version available at http://micropython.org/webrepl), and configure it by executing:: import webrepl_setup and following on-screen instructions. After reboot, it will be available for connection. If you disabled automatic start-up on boot, you may run configured daemon on demand using:: import webrepl webrepl.start() The supported way to use WebREPL is by connecting to ESP8266 access point, but the daemon is also started on STA interface if it is active, so if your router is set up and works correctly, you may also use WebREPL while connected to your normal Internet access point (use the ESP8266 AP connection method if you face any issues). Besides terminal/command prompt access, WebREPL also has provision for file transfer (both upload and download). Web client has buttons for the corresponding functions, or you can use command-line client ``webrepl_cli.py`` from the repository above. See the MicroPython forum for other community-supported alternatives to transfer files to ESP8266.